The "stop, question, and frisk" policy saw a massive expansion under Michael Bloomberg, increasing from 100,000 stops under Rudy Giuliani to over 650,000. While the Supreme Court ruled the practice itself was not unconstitutional, the implementation was criticized for its disproportionate impact on minority communities. Proponents point to a significant drop in the New York City murder rate during this period, though critics argue the correlation does not prove causation.